Transpiration Lab Report Essay Example

Transpiration Lab Report Paper When water is transported from the roots to the mesosphere cells in the leaves, it is evaporates out the stomata, called transpiration, to create a lower osmotic potential. Osmotic potential is the part of the water potential of a tissue that results from the presence of solute particles. Even though the stomata open to release water, it also brings in carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen through a process of photosynthesis. The water absorbed by the roots is moved by osmosis, root pressure, adhesion, and cohesion from high to low areas of water potential. From the roots, water is transported with osmosis with a pressure pulling the water and minerals up towards the leaves. It is the transpiration pull moving it up with the help of cohesion and adhesion. Transpiration decreases the water potential causing water to move in and pull upward into the leaves and other areas of low water potential. Loss of water through transpiration can be facilitated by the opening and closing of the stomata depending on environmental condition. The rate of transpiration depends on several environmental factors such as light, humidity, temperature, ND air movement, while the rate of evaporation depends on the water potential gradient, which is contributed by gravity, pressure, and solute concentration. The purpose of this experiment is to measure pressure changes on the different types of environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration. Hypothesis If the temperature of an environment increases, then the rate of transpiration in plants will increase and will reduce the surface area of leaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Transpiration Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transpiration Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transpiration Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Materials This lab requires a Labiates, Fernier Gas Pressure Sensor, utility clamps, ring tan, a leaf with its stem, plastic tubing clamps, a pipette, a refrigerator, 300 millimeter beaker, plastic syringe, water, and graphing paper. Procedures First, connect the utility clamp on the ring stand with the Gas Pressure Sensor. Then, connect the plastic syringe to one end of the 36-42 centimeter plastic tube. Place the other end of the tube in a 300 millimeter beaker of water. Then, use the syringe to draw water up into the tube until it is full. After that, connect the plastic tubing clamp on the tube. While bending the tube to make it into a U awards the sky, remove the syringe without spilling any water. Then, put the leaf with its stem in the opening of the tube with the end with the plastic tubing clamp. Carefully push the stem down of tube without spilling, and then squeeze the clamp shut. Then, connect the plastic tube to the Gas Pressure Sensor. There should be a mark on the tube at the starting water to remember for refill later on. Then, the Sensor should be connected to the Labiates. Collect data for fifteen minutes for the pressure. Then, place the leaf onto graphing paper and trace it. Find the number of surface area. After that, place the leaf in a refrigerator. Clean up the materials and return the next day. Take the leaf out of the refrigerator and set up the equipment again. Connect in the Labiates, and then find the data of the pressure for fifteen minutes. Then, place the leaf onto graphing paper and trace it. After that, calculate the surface area of the refrigerated leaf. Remember to record down other classmates variables of their different environmental conditions. Plants have adaptations to enable them to increase and decrease water lost including the shedding of leaves in colder temperatures, the peeing and closing of the stomata, thicker cuticles, and different shape of leaves depending on the environment. An advantage of closed stomata on a plant is that the plant loses water through the stomata; however to save the water it can close it. A disadvantage is that the open stomata takes in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, but when it is closed it cannot take in carbon dioxide. The light and the fan decreased the water potential in the leaves and water moved up the stem by the transpiration pull. Conclusions During this experiment, it was found out that as temperature increases, the remonstration increased as well and as temperature decreases, the transpiration decreased as well. Therefore, this supports the hypothesis. For the class, it was found out that as sunlight increased, transpiration increased. As wind increased, transpiration increased. As humidity increased, however, transpiration decreased. These conditions led to the increased water potential gradient which causes the transpiration pull to be stronger. The control plant for all of these conditions should be the one with the most normal and stable environment. In this experiment, there were a few experimental errors such as measurement errors and incorrect us of equipment. The sensor valve was connected to the plastic tubing too early, and therefore the lab had to be restarted. There were also some technical difficulties with the Labiates because the time length was set differently than the instructions. To improve this experiment, there should two experimental temperature conditions. One was the refrigerator and the other one should be beside a heater. This will allow one to see the difference temperature changes of hot, room temperature, and cold.

privacy on the internet essays

privacy on the internet essays Internet privacy policy is a very important issue and I am glad our Government is ready to take on the challenging job of regulating Internet commerce. E-commerce has take on a whole new empire of selling personal information collected by business. These businesses, such as CVS, DoubbleClik.com, and Amazon.com, are not only "stealing" your personal information but they are also selling it to anyone who will pay the hefty sum. Up until this point, Internet firms have been able to self-regulate themselves. This has to be changed. The FTC must place strict regulations on privacy policies. Commissioner, I strongly believe that if the FTC does not take immediate action all electronic information is in jeopardy of being "stolen." First and for most I advocate for all Internet web sites to post a clearly defined privacy policy. This privacy policy would explicitly define what information is being recorded, viewed, or sold. Furthermore, it should state what, if any, information is recorded in the cookie placed on my computer. The user should agree upon this statement before viewing the site. This will help to make consumers aware of the Internet site's privacy policy; it will also limit the liability that the Internet site has over what it is doing with the information. Another feature that would help curb the "stealing" of information is to ask the consumer for the specific information. This would give the customer the option to give certain information to a specific web-site and it would put Internet based companies on the same page with traditional businesses. A customer should have the right to choose to be on the mailing list. E-mail address sales should be deemed illegal except under certain circumstances. The exception would be that if a web site such as Amazon.com asks in the form of a yes or no, reply question if their customer would like to be placed on their advertisers e-mailing list. Privacy policies must also dictate what ...

Insurance and Economic Development & Insurance companies' Finances Research Paper

Insurance and Economic Development & Insurance companies' Finances - Research Paper Example The way the insurance company makes payments more easy and convenient to the insured is that it pools in the risks of various customers of different individual risks and invest in relevant financial assets such as bonds, stocks, real estate, mutual funds etc. This enables the insurance company to establish a suitable correlation of risks and returns so as to reduce the overall risk. Considering the nature of the service provided by insurance companies, they ensure financial protection for individual investors who then are ready to invest in their willing ventures without any fear of liquidation or insolvency. This aspect fosters entrepreneurial attitude that is creation of new businesses takes place and innovation is triggered in the market by those who are insured. This ultimately accelerates investment in the economy which in turn enhances economic development as the productive capacity of the firms and the economy as a whole increase. This further enhances living standards of peop le and per capita income also rises. The entrepreneurs are willing to take risk as they get protected financially with the help of insurance companies which pool in risk of versatile clients. ... Uninsured companies, on the other hand, are not able to reap out the benefits of innovation and tapping into new markets. This is because they have not created a framework for risk mitigation which is present when a firm is insured. Uninsured companies invest less of their earnings in innovation and so they participate less in domestic as well as global markets leading to less acclaimed market share. 2. Insurance and its contribution to consumption and economic stability Consumption is the spending of resources particularly money to acquire something. In financial terms, it is discussed alongside savings as they are two totally opposite concepts. Savings means to save money for the future; this concept is tried to being implemented in almost every country as this leads to benefits for the economy. Consumption trends vary between people and between their life stages. These two imperative concepts make up the standard of living of people in an economy. To produce an optimal standard of living, there should be a balance between consumption and saving patterns. Consumption patterns are one of the igniters of economic development, growth and the wellbeing of the dwellers of a country. Insurance is a helping tool for people to smoothen their consumption throughout their lives. Regardless of any insurance type, this service works as a security border for households as it provides financial protection; with its help they can stabilize their consumption throughout their life time. The added advantage of this is that in times of income fluctuations, consumption remains unwavering. Property or home and damage insurance shield the status of clients in unfavorable

Finance and Accounting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Finance and Accounting - Term Paper Example SwissChoc SA (owned by a family friend) is prepared to give him exclusive rights to sell their products in the USA for a ten year period in return for an upfront payment. â€Å"The distributor is an independent selling agent who has a contract to sell the products of a manufacturer. The distributor cannot represent him- or herself as the producer but may display the producer's trade name in signage and in the sales situation† (US Legal, 2012). Since the information provided is not adequate, we have to make certain reasonable assumptions while working out the statements required in this respect. However, the lack of details in these areas is not materially going to affect the reliability of the statements. The assumptions made in this connection have been stated in the report to enable the user to bring in additional details, if it is felt necessary to have a more detailed report on the project. There is uncertainty in the price front as the details given with regard to prices at which the product could be sold are not specific. Instead George has given a price range with minimum and maximum prices for the products to be marketed. There are difficulties in predicting the correct prices due to interplay of the brands, price levels (cheap and costly with various price levels in between), market segments, tastes and flavors. Therefore, sensitivity analysis has been undertaken to highlight impacts due to variations in price realization with justifications for adopting a particular method for working out the reasonable upfront fee payable to the manufacturer – supplier SwissChoc SA and the return on investment that could be expected from the business venture of George. Cash flow statement for the first year of operations In The Statement – I, â€Å"Cash flow statement for the first year of the operations of Mr. George†, while considering various factors contributing to the cash flow, both in flow and out flow we have made certain assumptio ns after carefully considering various implications related to the business. Sale Price: The sale price is considered at $ 135 per kilogram of the chocolate. This is the mean price as per the price range given by George adopted for the purpose of our calculations. The mean price is worked out as below. Highest price = $ 150 Lowest price = $ 120 Average price adopted for calculation = (Highest price + Lowest price)/2 or (150 + 120) / 2 = 135. The chocolates are consumed mostly by the college and school going students. If the tastes and flavors are acceptable to them pricing is not going to be a prohibiting factor in taking a buying decision by them. Since George is an experienced person with business school background along with his wife, his price estimates should be realistic. Moreover, the Swiss made chocolates are reputed for their taste and quality. Therefore, there will not be any resistance from the parents for their children eating these chocolates. The price comparison for t his product would be very difficult as in the case of other fast moving consumer goods with different brands and varieties. The George’s internet business model by marketing completely through credit cards means that the people targeted are high end and sophisticated customers, where the quality and service are more important rather than the price. Therefore, adopting the average price, if not the highest price would be very reasonable. Capital account of George: The amount shown under capital

The Effect of Nokia Phone Campaign for Better Communication Case Study

The Effect of Nokia Phone Campaign for Better Communication - Case Study Example The process of solicitation involves the assessment of the needs of the project. At this stage of the procurement, we intend to outline what our needs are in greater detail so that all the requirements are properly identified. As per the requirements of our project, we identified the following requirements for the procurement of scheduling software: The process of solicitation involves the assessment of the needs of the project. At this stage of the procurement, we intend to outline what our needs are in greater detail so that all the requirements are properly identified. As per the requirements of our project, we identified the following requirements for the procurement of scheduling software:1) Buy hardware and software including servers to run the tool and house the project database.2) Hire a team of technicians to configure the software3) Hire a training entity to teach students how to use the tool4) Hire tool usage experts to transfer the knowledge to the students5) Plan for the removal and disposal of the software. The above requirements are very clearly identified and are diversified in nature i.e. will not involve just one vendor. It is therefore important that we must identify and select capable vendors to deliver the above for the successful completion of the same. Selecting VendorsSelection of vendors is the next phase in this process of procurement. Do select vendors require that we must clearly have an idea of what exactly our needs are? If we fail to clearly identify the needs at the solicitation stage, selection of vendors would be an idle exercise. Since the requirements of our project are multiple in nature, therefore, we would be planning to approach multiple vendors so that our requirements are properly met.

Demographics of Leave and Remain Voters

Demographics of Leave and Remain Voters Does the public portrayal of who voted either way in the EU referendum and why, match the reality of people in north-east London and surrounding areas? Introduction The European Union (EU) referendum on 23rd June 2016 left both the media, politicians on either side of the debate, and professional researchers taken aback at the outcome. Leading up to the voting day there was a large amount media coverage, and comment from politicians and newspapers on why the British public should vote either way.   After the vote there was extensive analysis on why people voted the way they did. Results showed that factors such as gender, age group,  employment,  level of education or training,  ethnic group and where the voters lived, played a key role. The media and researchers also examined the main influences for the public’s vote, and the results ranged across family, friends, colleagues, social media, general media, politicians or entirely longstanding personal views.   These views were often around immigration, the economy, employment, personal identity, national sovereignty, the environment, and national security. This essay will cover these points in further detail, examining studies of why people voted either way, from a variety of sources, including the media, university, and professional research results, before comparing these with a survey taken in north-east London by the author. As London voted overall to remain, with an average of nearly 60% to stay part of the EU and in some areas over 70% (Donovan, 2017)[1], the question of why London’s vote to remain was so much higher than that of the rest of England arises (the rest of the country with only a 46% vote to remain and the overall UK percentage was 48.1%) (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) [2].     A conclusion will then be drawn to decide if the public and media portrayal of who voted either way in the EU referendum and why matches with the reality of people in north-east London and surrounding areas.   Reasons for any mismatch will be suggested. Research after the vote There has been a large amount of research on why people voted either way, and it has become clear that different demographic groups had vastly different opinions on EU membership and the option of â€Å"Brexit†.   Results from polling all over the country has revealed deep divisions in the United Kingdom and its constituent countries, most evidently through age and education (Kirk and Dunford, 2016)[3] as well as areas the voters live in.   Opinions on the EU and immigration through membership of it vary greatly, with clear divides based on age, education, and ethnicity. It became evident that white, older, and more lower paid people without high levels of education were much more likely to vote for Brexit than younger people, degree-holders, ethnic minorities, and the more secure middle- and upper-classes (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[4]. Research has also revealed that many of those who voted to leave the EU did so due to a belief that this would lead to improvements in the economy, international investment, and the UK’s influence in the world (Ashcroft, 2016)[5], amongst the other factors.   Ã‚  At the same time many people voted to remain as they felt Brexit would adversely affect these things. Unchangeable factors which may have led to a leave/ remain vote This section focuses on the characteristics of British voters that they have no choice over and have no ability to change. That is to say, who the voter is and how that may have affected their vote, as opposed to their reasoning for voting either way (these being things they may have been influenced into thinking or made a conscious decision to believe).   This section will include: AgeEducationEthnicity Age This had a clear impact on the referendum.   Leaving the EU was strongly supported by the UKs older population with those aged over 60 being the most likely group to want to leave the EU, according the polls before the vote (Kirk and Dunford, 2016)[6]. In the actual referendum, 73% of 18 to 24-year-olds voted to remain, dropping to 62% among 25-34s and the number of remain voters falling again with those aged over 45, only 44% voting to remain. Those aged 65 or over were the age group most likely to vote to leave, with only 40% voting remain (Ashcroft, 2016)[7]. Apart from two, each of the top thirty areas of the UK in terms of aging population voted for Brexit.   Higher pensioner areas showed the largest enthusiasm to leave the EU (Kirk and Dunford, 2016)[8]. Put simply, the older the voters, the more likely they were to have voted to leave the EU. Types of pension also affected the vote decision, with around two thirds of those retired on a state pension voting to leave and more than half of those retired on a private pension. (Ashcroft, 2016)[9] However, it is not as simple as ‘the elder generation’s vote to leave swung it’ as there are many overlaps with other factors.   Even the increase of Leave voters with a state pension rather than private begins to reveal some sort of connection to discontent with the government and public funding, uncovering another layer to why the public voted the way they did. It may seem obvious that older generations would vote to leave as older people tend to hold more conservative attitudes than younger people, but there are many reasons aside from age which pushed the people to vote either to leave or remain in the EU. Research shows higher levels of support for Brexit in areas with not only an older population but with below average levels of education. These places in the UK are more likely than others to encounter deprivation and have seen large amounts demographic change as a result of the inward migration of EU nationals in recent years (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) [10].   A combination of all these factors led to an overall vote to leave from a particular area. The author’s own research in north-east London see Appendix E does not completely follow the normal pattern of age, with only 20% of those who voted to leave being 61+, whereas the biggest vote for Brexit was from 41-60-year old’s, with 57% of those who voted to leave being from this age group. The numbers fit for the younger generations with only 17% leavers being 26-40 and 7% being 18-25. The decision for Brexit will affect younger generations more than anyone else in the longer term so may be more inclined to vote to stay apart of the EU for economic reasons (see the section on Economy). The question is why the number of 41-60-year old’s vote to leave was so high in north-east London. It is not clear why this has happened.   It could be the result of an angry baby boomer generation which overlaps with this group, who never experienced the difficulties that not being part of the EU could bring up, whereas an older generation have experienced the long history of conflict which the UK has often been drawn into. In fact the UK was failing economically before it joined the European Economic Community (EEC which later became the EU) in 1973. People might well have forgotten that uncomfortable fact even if they are baby boomers and voted to stay in the EEC in the 1975 vote. However, London is always going to be an anomaly in any comparison with the results from the rest of the UK, as shown later in this essay.   Education   This leads on to the connection between the level of education a person achieved and their decision to vote either way. National media has widely reported that degree holders were more likely to have voted to remain in the EU and most research concurs, showing that the higher the level of education, the higher the EU support, with university graduates being the most likely people to want to stay in the EU. This concurs with the fact that people with GCSE or equivalent as their highest qualification were more likely to vote for Brexit (Kirk and Dunford, 2016)[11]. Within this, those who are still in full time education, whether it is at a lower level or a degree are more likely to vote to remain. (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)[12] Research shows that a 57% of those with a university degree voted to remain, 64% with a higher degree and an extremely high 81% still in full time education also voting to remain (Ashcroft, 2016)[13], clearly highlighting how higher levels of education progressively result in higher levels of support for Remain. Of the areas that voted to remain, 92% had above average GCSE results (Scott, 2017)[14]. As with age, qualifications bring about the usual liberal vs conservative attitudes, those with few qualifications tending to remain more socially conservative whilst more highly educated people holding a more liberal perspective on matters (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) [15] . This does appear to be true with the high support for Brexit in areas where a large percentage of the population had no qualifications; all the 20 areas considered in the UK ‘most highly educated’ voted to remain and 15 of the 20 ‘least educated’ areas voted to leave while (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) [16].    One of the reasons that a more highly educated area may be more inclined to vote to remain in the EU is their ability to take advantage of the globalization the EU offers.   Authors Hanspeter Kriesi, Robert Ford and Matthew J Goodwin believe that the ‘winners of globalization’ are usually highly-educated and qualified whilst the losers tend to possess fewer skills and therefore are extremely challenged by the increased competition or even see their jobs outsourced due to the increase EU immigration. This is supported by the case that  Ã‚   votes to leave the EU were highest in areas where it could be regarded that the majority of people were lower educated and therefore do not necessarily have the skills to prosper in a progressively competitive and globalized economy that works better for those with the required skills. The lower levels of of education may leave these people with a disadvantage in a fast moving economy, and a lack of opportunities in these low skilled areas further marginalizes them in society and really holds them back.   It results in a society which looks on globalized systems such as the EU as a negative thing. (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[17]. Those with an ‘A-level’ or equivalent level of education are the group which compromise the importance of education and bring forward the relevance of area. They are the ones who seem to have been most influenced by their surrounding environment, mirroring those in their community. (In a low-skilled community those with A-levels or equivalent are likely to vote the same way as those with low education and in higher-skilled communities they are likely to mirror the beliefs of those with a degree). This begins to show how vital area was in influencing the outcome of the referendum. This is supported by the fact that people with all levels of education were more likely to vote leave in areas which were considered low-skill as opposed to those considered high-skill (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[18]. My own research very much supports this, with 71% of those who voted to remain having a degree, 18% of those with A levels and only 7% of those at O level or GCSE standard. Ethnicity As much of the campaign to leave the EU was based on fear of immigration (33% of people said the main reason for their vote to leave was to regain control over immigration and Britain’s borders), it is unsurprising that white voters voted to leave the EU by 53% to 47%. Research also shows that 67% of those describing themselves as Asian voted to remain, as did 73% of black voters, highlighting how, on average, non-white voters did not support the leave vote. The importance of this concern over immigration from other countries including EU states (ranging from concern over control through to outright dislike), is supported by the data that those from a white British background voted to leave with 52% but only 31% of those from a white other background voted to leave the EU. (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[19]. The high levels of white British leave voters also show links to national sovereignty, with the desire to ‘take back control of Britain’s borders’, reports say that people who feel very strongly English were highly likely to vote to leave than any other group (71 to 36%). This also underlines the conception of national identity that comes with the feeling of being English rather than British, supporting the fact that English voted 54% to leave (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[20]. The author’s local research does not correlate completely with this.   Non-white British voted mostly in favour of remain, as was expected, 60% of white others voted to remain, 70% of Asian British and 50% of mixed-race British. The only anomaly here is that 60% of Black British voted to leave in the north-east London survey. It is possible that the reasoning for the higher leave vote amongst a local black population is due to likelihood that those who would refer to themselves as ‘black British’ in London are often third, fourth or even further generation immigrants, resulting in a similar sense of national identity to those who are ‘white British’. This could mean that this section of voters in north-east London has seen the more recent influx of other immigrants in the area and therefore hold the same views as the majority of white voters.   Factors for the voter’s decision This section is broken down into the voter’s personal reasoning for their vote as opposed the previous section which focused on the actual voter. In this section the voters may have been open to influence on particular issues and had a choice in whether to believe positive or negative messages or not. This section will include: ImmigrationJobs/ EmploymentEconomyNational SovereigntyLongstanding personal viewsPersonal Identity Immigration As has already been brought up in the section on ethnicity,the issue of increasing immigration both legal immigration from EU states, and illegal immigration from other countries by people travelling into and then through the EU to Britain was widely debated in the lead up to the referendum. EU migrants make up for about half the people who move to the UK for a minimum of a year, increasing from only 21% since Eastern Europe was included in the EU, now making up for more than a third of the UK foreign born population. (Ashcroft, 2016)[21] In 2016, EU migration was about   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   596,000 in total, with around 268,000 citizens from other EU countries migrating to the UK. (Ashcroft, 2016)[22]   Many of those who voted to leave the EU did so with the belief that doing so would bring about a better immigration system and improve border controls. (Ashcroft, 2016)[23] According to research, nearly 90% of those who felt that immigration was bad for the economy supported the vote to leave, but less than 10% of those who thought immigration was good for the economy (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[24].   Those who see immigration as a positive thing and therefore voted remain are also not uncommon. Britain often uses the free movement of people within the EU to its advantage: 1.2 million UK-born citizens work, study, and retire in other EU states. (As an aside, most working in other EU states are professionals, and the largest number of retirees go to France and Spain.) (JRF, 2016)[25] 85,000 in total emigrate abroad per year. (Ashcroft, 2016)[26] This may have been a factor which spurred on some members of the public to vote remain, but clearly it wasn’t significant enough. On average Britain’s immigrant population preferred the remain campaign due to the level at which the leave campaign stressed the importance of decreasing migration across Europe and other countries.   National figures show areas with higher levels of net migration, such as London, voted to remain (Scott, 2017)[27] (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)[28]. London is also an area where immigration is undeniably higher than the rest of the country, with just under 40% of Londoners being foreign born and a significantly larger amount being second or third generation immigrants (Kirk and Dunford, 2016)[29]. However, researchers Italo Colantone and Piero Stanig claim that there is no evidence of a connection between the support for Brexit and the proportion of immigrants or new immigrants in an area. (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)[30] Other data also supports this, saying that areas which started with relatively few migrants but which saw sizeable increases experienced a sudden influx of EU migrants over the last ten years were often more pro-leave (the leave vote was high in areas such as Redditch, Maidstone, Gravesham and Lincoln, with links to this factor) (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[31]   This shows that if the number of immigrants in an area has seen a sudden increase, there was more likely to be a Leave vote in that area than an area which has had a large number of immigrants for a long time. It suggests that fear of immigration is key (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)[32] The public is often afraid that EU migrants tend to come to the UK to work (JRF, 2016)[33], so a sudden increase of immigrants in an area may lead to a loss of job for those who had already been living there.   Residents also often believe that the arrival of new immigrants is a principal contributor to the pressure on services (Travers, 2016)[34]. This shows that the level of migration doesn’t seem to matter but the pace of change over the past decade or so does, suggesting yet again how area plays a significant role on why people vote either way.   Higher-skilled, higher-migrant, low-leave areas include Westminster, Hammersmith & Fulham, and Camden (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)[35], also highlighting the importance of area: these have seen significant migrant increase, yet voted in favour to remain also bringing into light the other factors which influenced the area’s votes. Areas which voted to leave witnessed significant demographic change due to the surge of EU immigrants in recent years and are more likely than others to experience deprivation and. (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[36] The author’s research matches what has been said, as the survey taken was in London where a higher migrant population is the norm. Amongst the north-east Londoners that were questioned, 42% of the cited immigration as a key reason for their vote. However, this was not the most common answer, coming third behind employment (52%) and economy (65%) as key reasons which influenced a vote either way. An interesting result, which matches what has been said about areas with higher levels of immigration being less likely to see this as a negative issue, is that 60% of those who chose immigration as a reason for their decision actually voted to remain.   This suggests that they saw immigration as a positive result of remaining part of the EU. This reflects on the importance of area as London’s results are so different to those of the rest of the country. Jobs/ employment Many people’s decision to vote either way in the referendum was spurred on by the subject of employment. This links back to the subject of immigration as the employment rate of EU migrants is high; 82% of working-age EU migrants are employed, with EU migration expanding the UK workforce by around 0.5% a year and putting 6% of the UK workforce under stress of severe reduction by 2018 (JRF, 2016) [37]. The unemployed were much more likely to vote to leave the EU as well as those who felt their financial situation had deteriorated (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[38], because they felt their situation was down to the UK being a member of the EU. This again links back to the issue of area as a whole.   Many areas have experienced a loss of jobs such as mining, docking and seaside jobs, as well as those which involve traditional manufacturing. This has left these places with weak private sectors and a mismatch between skills available and skills needed for the modern economy, resulting in a backlash of resentment toward the EU, (some of the biggest Leave votes were in areas exactly as descried: Stoke-on-Trent, Blackpool, Mansfield and Barking & Dagenham to name just a few). Many believe those who run government have allowed large parts of the country to be left behind (Ashcroft, 2016)[39]. As has been mentioned before, students are more likely, on average to have voted to remain, forming a higher proportion of the population in low leave vote areas. Once the number of students in an area is controlled, the correlation between employment and votes either way becomes much clearer (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)[40].   Research shows that support for leave was higher for those on a lower pay ( £20,000 per year), than it was for those with incomes of more than  £60,000 per year (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[41]. Overall, when employment is taken in to consideration with a vote either way, it is, on average, those who earn less who voted to leave. However, when taken into consideration with other factors, as in other sections of this essay, the line becomes blurred and it is no longer as simple as that. The north-east London findings research fall very much in line with what others have said, with students more likely to vote to remain than leave by about 20% (with a considerable amount not voting at all), and those who are unemployed voting to leave by about an extra 60%. Those in work were more likely to vote remain and those who had retired vote to leave. This can link back to the importance of age and by extension, education, those who have retired mostly being older and students usually being younger and better educated. Economy The EU is Britain’s largest trading partner, accounting for nearly 45% of UK trade and is the largest source of foreign direct investment (JRF, 2016)[42], so a vote to leave the EU puts into question the economic reasoning behind the decision. 43% of those who voted remain did so as they believed the risk of leaving was too high of a danger for the economy. Only just over 6% said the main reason for their remain vote was that â€Å"when it comes to trade and the economy, the UK would benefit more from being outside the EU than from being part of it† (Ashcroft, 2016)[43] so it is surprising the UK voted to leave.   The UK’s membership fee in 2015 was  £12.9 billion per year which comes to around  £200 per year for each person. Many believe this money would be better spent within the UK, for instance towards public goods and services such as the NHS. In terms of total contribution to the EU budget, the UK pays the highest amount after Germany (JRF, 2016)[44] and it is often argued that the amount the UK pays is too high, and this resulted in many Leave votes. The author’s figures shows that London also saw the economy as a key reason that the UK show either remain or leave the EU. It was the biggest factor influencing north-east Londoners’ vote, with 65% citing this as a reason for their decision. The local research also correlates with other national research. Of those who cited economics as a reason for their vote, 78% voted remain, matching the idea that some feel the UK would do much better economically within the European Union, and those in London feel particularly strongly about this. This may link to the immense centralisation of the UK, politically and in terms of the concentration of the economy, which will be talked about further later in this essay.   This centralisation allows more people within London to see the economic benefits of being a member of the European Union than people in other areas, who may often feeling cut off from what is going on in the city. National Sovereignty The loss of sovereignty inherent in EU membership was also a reason for why people voted to leave. Many believe that other EU countries have too much influence over the laws which affect the UK, convincing several people to vote Leave. These laws include regulations which affect working hours, the environment, financial services, workers’ rights, and even domestic appliances.   Research has shown that 49% of those who voted leave claimed the biggest reason for them wanting to leave the EU was â€Å"the principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK† (Ashcroft, 2016)[45]. International aid has also increased and many think that the problems within the UK require more attention at this time, considering that funding for the Home Office, local government, further education, and housing has been cut by up to 35% (Travers, 2016)[46].   13% of leave voters feared that remaining in the EU would result in the UK having no choice â€Å"about how the EU expanded its membership or its powers in the years ahead† (Ashcroft, 2016)[47], while believing that the UK does not have a fair say in the laws and policies of mainland Europe. The author’s research finds Londoners care less about national sovereignty in relation to their decision to vote remain or leave, with only 19% of the survey results coming back with this being a key reason for their decision.   This again shows how different Londoners opinions are to the rest of the country and highlights problems such as the centralization that fuels the UK but often leaves the rest of the country feeling detached from politics. This will be talked about in more detail in the sections on London and Area. Longstanding personal views Longstanding personal views must be taken into consideration as to why people voted either way in the referendum, as 43% of people said that they were always sure of what they would end up voting or decided early on, whereas only 24% decided their vote within a week of referendum day with 10% deciding the day before, or even on the day of the vote (Ashcroft, 2016)[48]. Although the voters seemed unsure what to decide, both leave and remain voters were equally likely to have chosen what their vote would be on the actual day of the referendum (Ashcroft, 2016)[49]. This suggests that according to the research, longstanding personal views were not the main reason which influenced the outcome of the vote.   The north-east London research showed that 50% of people believed their longstanding personal views were a big part of how they voted, 37% of the people saying it was their sole influence. This could relate to people in London having been in the centre of politics so much that they are more in touch with and understand the situation Britain is in, allowing them to make up their minds sooner.   Ã‚   Personal Identity Personal identity seemed to be the least important issue for most people, with little available research on this section. Just under 17% said their main reason to vote remain was the belief that UK would â€Å"become more isolated from its friends and neighbours† and only 9% said they felt a â€Å"a strong attachment to the EU and its shared history, culture, and traditions† (Ashcroft, 2016)[50], highlighting how little British people feel a connection to their mainland European neighbours and linking back to the idea that those who felt primarily British were more likely to vote to leave the EU.    The author’s data shows that north-east Londoners feel more strongly about personal identity than the rest of the country, with 33% of them citing this as one of the reasons which influenced their vote. It is possible that Londoners feel a stronger connection to Europe than the rest of the country, and explain why the number is higher. Linking back to the fact that the UK is a very centralised country, London has a stronger affiliation with Europe than the rest of the country. It has more relations with mainland Europe due to the nature of many jobs in London, specifically in the city of London, a large amount of which must keep consistent contact and relatively good relations with the rest of Europe. Another reason for the higher percentage of people seeing personal identity as a reason to influence their vote could be the, already discussed, high local immigrant population, especially from other EU countries, resulting in more integration and a more evident personal connection to the rest of Europe.   This will again come up in the sections on London and Area. Other Nationally, gender did not significantly affect the way people voted.   By contrast a stronger possible factor for people voting either way was their feelings of detachment from politics. 70% of leave voters were concerned that ‘politicians don’t care what people like me think’ (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[51]. About 75% of council and housing association tenants preferred the leave vote, (Ashcroft, 2016)[52] but this could be linked to other issues such as employment and the belief that the money spent of the EU should be spent within the UK. Another group who were more likely to vote Leave were those in favour of the death penalty as well as harsher prison sentences in general, and those who are against equal opportunities for women and homosexuals (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) [53], but this again could link back to an elder generation as well those who are generally more right wing often voting to leave.    The author’s research taken in north-east London conflicts with what other data says about gender being irrelevant, as 76% of the women voted to remain whereas only 54% of men said the same. This could be due to EU regulations and directives, some of which are particularly in the interest of women and go further than previous UK legislation.   These areas relate to maternity rights, sex discrimination and equal pay, offering woman what some may see as a better deal than men if Britain voted to remain.   Views on this are both positive and negative and it is intuitive that more women would take a positive standpoint. Area Area stands alone to the other sections in this essay as it is neither a conscious reason to vote either way or an unavoidable part of who a person is, but could fit into both parts as has links to both. Most of what has been said so far comes down to area and the structure of UK, the most centralized large democracy in the world, highlighting how, arguably, London cannot and will not in any way reflect the views of the rest of the country. People not living in London feel cut off from the Government, because in fact they actually are, with ministers and other officials living in central London whilst making decisions which effect the rest of the country (Travers, 2016)[54]. This may have led to many of those in areas outside London voting to leave in a protest vote, pointing out that their voices are not being heard and their needs are not being addressed; these areas have been ‘left behind’ by fast economic and social change and were the most likely to vote for Brexit (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) [55]. The area in which people live seems to override every other reason for which they voted, for instance, education; people with all levels of qualifications being more likely to vote leave in a lower-skilled area than those in a higher-skilled area, regardless of the level of education they attained. Even though they were less educated and therefore at a natural disadvantage, this was not the only reason they felt marginalized in society and therefore voted Brexit, due to the complete lack of opportunities that were offered in these low-skilled communities (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[56]. Research shows that people living in these low skilled areas also naturally tend to be more conservative as well as identify more strongly with being English rather than British or European and feel more out of touch politically than similar types of people living in high-skilled areas (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)[57]. In areas where there is little opportunity to ‘get ahead’ and the people feel economically disadvantaged and struggle to keep up with other, more highly skilled areas, people were also more likely to vote to leave. These areas have often also seen important changes due to the inward migration of EU nationals (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) [58], reasserting the importance of immigration but showing that area was above that factor in importance when voting.    This all shows the importance of all factors, with area tying other sections together. In some cases, area even comes through as a stronger cause to vote either way, overriding other reasons for why people may have voted, such as education and age. London Consideration must always be taken when comparing polling results with London, where immigration rates are high, with the largest number of migrants in the UK, 1.4 million living in inner London in 2015 and 1.8 in outer (Vargas-Silva and Rienzo, 2017)[59] and with the votes for remain resulting in some of the highest in the country (Scott, 2017)[60]. Votes were swayed towards remain in London, partially due to large numbers of people from immigrant backgrounds (see Factors for the voters’ decisions above. For example, in north-east London boroughs such as Waltham Forest and Hackney clearly voted to remain (by 59.1% and 78.5% respectively).    The BBCs political editor Laura Kuenssberg summed up the situation perfectly, commenting that, London is an island, compared to the rest of the country where the Leave campaign is gaining ground, (Donovan, 2017)[61]. Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Does the Public portrayal of who voted either way in the EU referendum and why, match with the reality of people in north-east London and surrounding areas? Overall it is difficult to compare London with the rest of the UK due to the extreme centralization of the country politically and economically, but most results seem to correlate and confirm national trends for particular factors. When it comes to sections such as immigration results vary enormously, but those in London who voted to leave often had other reasons for their vote aside from this. The rest of country feels more detached from politics than London and so votes are naturally more likely to sway to leave but the research has also showed that those in areas with less immigration were more likely to vote leave than those with a large number of migrants, even if they named immigration as one of the top reasons for their vote. This shows that the fear of immigration is more effective than actually living in an area such as London. This can also be linked to the idea that areas with less migrants are less likely to be in large cities and therefore will feel more detached from politics and will be ‘left behind’ in a rapidly globalized country and therefore are searching for someone to blame. Due to the high number of immigrants in London as well as it being the capital with a higher average wage, it is naturally more likely to vote remain so any surveys taken in London will reflect this. Although the parts of north-east London people interviewed were from are not necessarily the most educated areas, the research has shown that although this could sway votes, the area in which the people live is more important and therefore outweighs that, resulting in a less educated person living in London being more likely to vote to remain than a higher educated person in a seaside town. This can also be taken into consideration when it comes to age and other factors.   With this in mind, the north-east London research generally matches with the national public portrayal of who voted either way and why. From the author’s perspective, at the same time it underlines the centralised nature of the UK and the concentration of economic growth in London and the south east. Summary of References Electoralcommission.org.uk, 2017 Electoralcommission.org.uk. (2017). Electoral Commission | Complete set of turnout figures for referendum now published. [online] Available at: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/referendums?a=117451 [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Clarke and Whittaker, 2016 Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. Resolution Foundation. Available at: http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/the-important-of-place-explaining-the-characteristics-underpinning-the-brexit-vote-across-different-parts-of-the-uk/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Goodwin and Heath, 2016 Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. JRF, 2016 JRF. (2016). The EU Referendum and UK Poverty. [online] Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Kirk and Dunford, 2016 Kirk, A. and Dunford, D. (2016). EU referendum: How the results compare to the UKs educated, old and immigrant populations. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Travers, 2016 Travers, T. (2016). Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this vote. British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available at: Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this vote [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Scott, 2017 Scott, S. (2017). Did education count in the EU vote?. [online] Schools Week. Available at: http://schoolsweek.co.uk/did-education-count-in-the-brexit-vote/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Ashcroft, 2016 Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Vargas-Silva and Rienzo, 2017 Vargas-Silva, D. and Rienzo, D. (2017). Migrants in the UK: An Overview Migration Observatory. Migration Observatory. Available at: Migrants in the UK: An Overview [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Donovan, 2017 Donovan, T. (2017). EU referendum: Most London boroughs vote to remain BBC News. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36612916 [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. Appendices Appendix A Schools Week, (2016). The Relationship Between voting Leave and Educational Background. [image] Available at: http://schoolsweek.co.uk/did-education-count-in-the-brexit-vote/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Appendix B Lord Ashcroft Polls, (2016). How Britain Voted by demographic. [image] Available at: http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Lord Ashcroft Polls, (2016). When they decided. [image] Available at: http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Lord Ashcroft Polls, (2016). The Relationship Between Voting Leave and Educational Background. [image] Available at: http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Ashcroft Polls, (2016). Reasons to Leave, Reasons to Remain [image] Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Lord Ashcroft Polls, (2016). Do you think of each of the following being a force for good, a force for ill, or a mixed- blessing? [image] Available at: http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Lord Ashcroft Polls, (2016). National Identity. [image] Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Appendix C Resolution Founation, (2016). Four Groups of interest. [image] Available at: http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/the-important-of-place-explaining-the-characteristics-underpinning-the-brexit-vote-across-different-parts-of-the-uk/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Resolution Founation, (2016). Leave vote in the local authority, by % of 16-64 year olds with NVQ4+. [image] Available at: The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Appendix D Joseph Rowntree Foundation, (2016). Support for leave among different demographic groups. [image] Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. Appendix E: Author’s survey in north-east London 30Dec 2016 [1] Donovan, T. (2017). EU referendum: Most London boroughs vote to remain BBC News. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36612916 [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [2] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [3] Kirk, A. and Dunford, D. (2016). EU referendum: How the results compare to the UKs educated, old and immigrant populations. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [4] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [5] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [6] Kirk, A. and Dunford, D. (2016). EU referendum: How the results compare to the UKs educated, old and immigrant populations. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [7] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [8] Kirk, A. and Dunford, D. (2016). EU referendum: How the results compare to the UKs educated, old and immigrant populations. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [9] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [10] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [11] Kirk, A. and Dunford, D. (2016). EU referendum: How the results compare to the UKs educated, old and immigrant populations. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [12] Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. [online] Resolution Foundation. Available at: The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [13] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [14] Scott, S. (2017). Did education count in the EU vote?. [online] Schools Week. Available at: http://schoolsweek.co.uk/did-education-count-in-the-brexit-vote/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [15] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. 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Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [20] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [21] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [22] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [23] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [24] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [25] JRF. (2016). The EU Referendum and UK Poverty. [online] Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [26] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [27] Scott, S. (2017). Did education count in the EU vote?. [online] Schools Week. Available at: http://schoolsweek.co.uk/did-education-count-in-the-brexit-vote/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [28] Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. [online] Resolution Foundation. Available at: The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [29] Kirk, A. and Dunford, D. (2016). EU referendum: How the results compare to the UKs educated, old and immigrant populations. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [30] Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. [online] Resolution Foundation. Available at: The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [31] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [32] Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. [online] Resolution Foundation. Available at: http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/the-important-of-place-explaining-the-characteristics-underpinning-the-brexit-vote-across-different-parts-of-the-uk/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [33] JRF. (2016). The EU Referendum and UK Poverty. [online] Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [34] Travers, T. (2016). Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this vote. [online] British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available at: Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this vote [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [35] Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. [online] Resolution Foundation. Available at: The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [36] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [37] JRF. (2016). The EU Referendum and UK Poverty. [online] Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [38] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [39] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [40] Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. [online] Resolution Foundation. Available at: The Importance of Place: explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [41] Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities. [online] JRF. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [42] JRF. (2016). The EU Referendum and UK Poverty. [online] Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [43] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [44] JRF. (2016). The EU Referendum and UK Poverty. [online] Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [45] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [46] Travers, T. (2016). Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this vote. [online] British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available at: Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this vote [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [47] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [48] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at: http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2017]. [49] Ashcroft, L. (2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcroft Polls. [online] Lordashcroftpolls.com. 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Ethics Choice in the Workplace Essay

Ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) becomes one of key point to evaluation business value. â€Å"In today’s highly interconnected, global, and transparent world, corporations are finding that social responsibility is essential to fundamental business strategy† (Trevino & Nelson, 2010, page 332). The main purpose of this paper is to offer readers an overview and concept about the role of ethics and social responsibility in food industry. Besides that, some ethical problems of organizations, stakeholder perspective on the firm and some recommendations are listed. Ethics Choice in the Workplace Regarding to corporate ethics and CSR are exposed, both consumers and governments are focusing their attention on corporate social responsibility practices (Maloni & Brown, 2006). Ferrell, Geoffrey & Ferrell (2011, p.38) stated, â€Å"business ethics as the principles and standards that determine acceptable conduct in business organizations†. The behavior of acceptability is confirmed by many stakeholders of organizations such as customers, suppliers, employees, government regulators, owners as well as community. Ethics and social responsibilities are influent to business strategy and setting in recently. White (2012) claimed social responsibilities manage on decision making from top level to bottom line of firms. Ethics and Social Responsibilities are being evaluated as a key successful factor to measure organization outcomes. Ethics Issues in Business In order to identify certain situations that affected by various environmental and individual factors as ethical or unethical decision (Bommer, Gravander & Tuttle,1987). The identification is impacted by bias, principles, concepts and definitions of social group or community. These standards are different from geographies, races, languages, time, etc. According to Ferell et all, 2011, ethics is related to organizations’ culture, financial status and business objective. Plenty of ethical issues in business can be classified into their relative behavior as abusive and intimidating behavior, conflicts of interest, fairness and honesty, communications, and business associations. Abusive and Intimidating Behavior Actions in working environment caused other people physical threats, being annoying, harshness, or even though bypassing some individual opinions. Abusive can be considered as a distraction or disruption of the workplace (Ferell et all, 2011). Intensity of voice, situation of speaking and used words are factors to be determined to abusive or un-abusive. Conflicts of interest This kind of conflicts occurs quite frequently in reality. For instance, managers could make decisions either to reinforce their power or enhance benefit to shareholders. A CEO will keep confidential a bad financial status to board of director sometimes. The conflict is often among employees because they use the same resources. Un-transparency of gifts may effect to outcome decisions to be an illegal or un-ethical behavior. Fairness and Honesty Fairness and honesty is the most important of business ethics and create general values of decision makers (Ferell et all, 2011). For instance, some newspapers claimed there are some exceed ingredients in power milk caused harmfulness to children health 2 years ago. In addition, Microsoft window software is still being cracked very popularly in China and Vietnam in particular even though people knew these products are protected by copyright law. Communications Communication is one of effective tools to bring product ideas and images to consumers. However, some organizations transferred to community incorrect information about their products. Under-weight or over-weight harmful of ingredients, food safety and hygiene are the most of improper announcement in advertising and labels. Furthermore, there is lack of information to compare differences or similarities between products (Ferell et all, 2011). For example, many people does not know how differentiated among Uniliver’s detergents: OMO, Viso, and Suff. Business Relations This ethical behavior is relevant to business relations to customers, suppliers, bosses vs. their staff and others in their workplace that create to ethical concerns. Managers take advantages on legitimate and authority roles to supervise their staff. Sometime they play Lording games to reinforce their power (Mintzberg, 1985). In reality, commission and gifts are used very popularly on Sales and Marketing. In Vietnam, gifts are considered as traditional requirement on national holidays. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility â€Å"means that organizations should take responsibility for their impact on society and the environment† (Castka & Balzarova, 2007, p.297). Every organization should build and adopt their owned CSR plans. There are four dimensions or four faces of social responsibility: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic (which sometimes call voluntary, altruistic or humanitarian) (Ferell et all, 2011) and (Geoffrey, 2001). Economic Responsibilities. Business organizations are groups to conduct goods or service to satisfy consumers as well as create jobs for community (Geoffrey, 2001). Firms should pay fair to workers, look for new resources, technical innovation and celebrate a friendly and fairly working environment. Therefore, economic responsibility â€Å"is to be profitable for principles by delivering a good quality product at a fair price is due to customers† (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 3). Novak (1996, p. 139-145) defined seven economic responsibilities. There are to (1) satisfy customers with goods and services of real value, (2) make a reasonable return on the funds entrusted to the business corporation by its investors, (3) create new wealth which reduce poorness as their wages rises, (4) create new jobs to enhance worker incomes, (5) defeat envy by generating people values and creations that can improve their conditions, (6) promote ingenuity and invention, (7) diversify the interest s of the republic. Legal responsibi lities. Legal behavior is obeying the law by playing rules and policies of the game. The business laws are passed by the society and community. The laws tell organizations what should or should not be done. However, the laws often provide a minimum level or a floor of moral that â€Å"might be followed involuntarily out of fear of punishment rather than voluntarily out of internal moral conviction† (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 4). Ethical responsibilities. Ethical duties overcome limitations of legal responsibilities. They include moral, doing what is right, just, fair and avoiding harm to society and community even if preventing harm caused by others (Smith & Quelch, 1993). This behavior shows how wealth the organization affects non-economic aspects of society, such as benefit to employees, how closely working environment is, as well as natural environment. Altruistic responsibilities This kind of responsibilities display in the forms of voluntary service, association and giving, offer over of legal of society floor principles. Over the half of century, business increasingly has been judged not only by its economic and its ethical performance, but also by its social contributions (Geoffrey, 2001). Conclusion By understanding deeply Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, businesses can adopt not only get higher profit or outcomes but also be interested to society, community and natural environment. For the time being, we can expect to hear more about social responsibility and much of what of our companies do to give a hand to build our society around us.

House of Usher Essay

The fall of the House of Usher is a menacing story filled with fantastic imagery. Edgar Allen Poe is a genius at the craft and it is no surprise that this story is considered one of his masterpieces. Poe carefully chooses his vocabulary, making each word create a dark and spooky image. Through exposition, Poe spends a great deal at describing the surroundings through the narrator. Also, Poe uses symbolism to his advantage by creating a house that mirrors a main character, Roderick Usher. Edgar Allen Poe uses imagery to further the plot, of The Fall of the House of Usher by utilizing these three avenues; vocabulary, exposition, and symbolism. In the first paragraph alone, the reader has entered a world full of doom and despair. Poe uses words to paint a picture such as in the first sentence, â€Å"During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in autumn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  paints a portrait of cold and despair as indicated by the cold of autumn and using the word â€Å"soundless† indicates that he is alone. While some may think that Poe’s word choice may seem too overdone and cartoon-like, Maurice Beebe of the University of California Press talks about how this vocabulary is needed to create a classic Poe universe. J. O.  Baily of the University of North Carolina writes, â€Å"Poe intended the story to do what it does, to arouse a sense of unearthly terror that springs from a vague source, hinted and mysterious. † This is all found within Poe’s vocabulary. Poe uses dark words such as â€Å"phantasmagoric† meaning a shifting series of phantasms, illusions, or deceptive appearances, as in a dream or as created by the imagination, and not found in everyday language. Poe spends a great deal of time describing the House of Usher, but does he spend too much time? The answer is no if you are thinking in terms of him building exposition. Exposition is defined by DiYanni as â€Å"where plot begins and provides background information we need to make sense of the action, that describes the setting, and that introduces major characters. † Poe does just this, in extensive detail. Poe spends what may seem as an absurd amount of time describing the house and the tarn in the beginning of the story but you later can see how it all relates. The description of the house is in all actuality is a description of the main character, Roderick Usher. Poe writes carefully about coming upon the House of Usher, about the tarn located near he house, and even about the letter that was written to the narrator so we know many things upon the beginning of the story. As stated before, Poe wrote of the House of Usher relating to the character, Roderick Usher. This is a grand use of symbolism, for example, Poe writes about the big, dark windows of the house and this can be related to the big empty eyes of Usher. Not only does the house symbolize Roderick but Baily of Duke University Press claims that if Poe was written into the story he would not be the narrator; he would Roderick Usher himself. Knowing this is the biggest symbol of all, for Roderick Usher is a symbol of the one and only Edgar Allen Poe. Kendall goes even further to explain that Roderick and his sister are actually vampires. That both brother and sister are suffering from anemia and are both very sickly symbolizes a vampirism theme to the story. â€Å"During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Poe wrote a massive story that invoked many dark themes. Together through vocabulary, exposition, and symbolism, Edgar Allen Poe creates a wonderful scene of gloomy imagery and uses it to further his plot. Reference http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/usher/

Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Biography

Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Biography Arguably the most conservative justice in recent U.S. Supreme Court history, Clarence Thomas is well-known for his conservative/libertarian leanings. He strongly supports states rights and takes a strict constructivist approach to interpreting the U.S. Constitution. He has consistently taken political conservative positions in decisions dealing with executive power, free speech, the death penalty and affirmative action. Thomas is unafraid of voicing his dissent with the majority, even when it is politically unpopular. Early Life Thomas was born June 23, 1948, in the small, impoverished town of Pin Point, Ga., the second of three children born to M.C. Thomas and Leola Williams. Thomas was abandoned by his father at the age of two and left to the care of his mother, who raised him as a Roman Catholic. When he was seven, Thomas mother remarried and sent him and his younger brother to live with his grandfather. At his grandfathers request, Thomas left his all-black high school to attend seminary school, where he was the only African American on campus. Despite experiencing extensive racism, Thomas nevertheless graduated with honors. Formative Years Thomas had considered becoming a priest, which was one reason he chose to attend St. John Vianneys Minor Seminary in Savannah, where he was one of just four Black students. Thomas was still on track to be a priest when he attended Conception Seminary College, but he left after hearing a student utter a racist comment in response to the murder of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Thomas transferred to the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts, where he founded the Black Student Union. After graduation, Thomas failed a military medical exam, which excluded him from being drafted. He then enrolled in Yale Law School. Early Career Immediately after graduating from law school, Thomas found it difficult to obtain a job. Many employers falsely believed that he received his law degree due only to affirmative action programs. Nevertheless, Thomas landed a job as an assistant US attorney for Missouri under John Danforth. When Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate, Thomas worked as a private attorney for an agriculture firm from 1976 to 1979. In 1979, he returned to work for Danforth as his legislative assistant. When Ronald Reagan was elected in 1981, he offered Thomas a job as Assistant Secretary of Education in the Office of Civil Rights. Thomas accepted. Political Life Not long after his appointment, the president promoted Thomas to head the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. As director of the EEOC, Thomas angered civil rights groups when he shifted the focus of the agency from filing class-action discrimination lawsuits. Instead, he concentrated on reducing discrimination in the workplace, and emphasizing his philosophy of self-reliance for African Americans, chose to pursue individual discrimination suits. In 1990, President George H.W. Bush appointed Thomas to the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington DC. Supreme Court Nomination Less than a year after Thomas was appointed to the appeals court, Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall- the nations first African American Justice- announced his retirement. Bush, impressed with Thomas conservative positions, nominated him to fill the position. Facing a Democrat-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee and the wrath of civil rights groups, Thomas faced stiff opposition. Recalling how conservative Judge Robert Bork had doomed his nomination by providing detailed answers at his confirmation hearings, Thomas was hesitant to provide lengthy answers to interrogatories. Anita Hill Just before the end of his hearings, an FBI investigation was leaked to the Senate Judiciary Committee regarding sexual harassment allegations leveled at Thomas by former EEOC staff worker Anita Hill. Hill was aggressively questioned by the committee and offered shocking details of Thomas alleged sexual misconduct. Hill was the only witness to testify against Thomas, although  another staffer offered similar allegations in a written statement.   Confirmation Although Hills testimony had transfixed the nation, preempted soap operas and competed for airtime with the World Series, Thomas never lost is composure, maintaining his innocence throughout the proceedings, yet expressing his outrage at the circus the hearings had become. In the end, the judiciary committee was deadlocked at 7-7, and the confirmation was sent to the full Senate for a floor vote with no recommendation being made. Thomas was confirmed 52-48 along partisan lines in one of the narrowest margins in Supreme Court history. Service to the Court Once his nomination was secured and he took his seat on the High Court, Thomas quickly asserted himself as a conservative justice. Aligned primarily with conservative justices William Rehnquist and Antonin Scalia, Thomas is nonetheless his own man. He has offered lone dissenting opinions, and at times, has been the sole conservative voice on the Court.

Bruce Goffs Bavinger House Essays - Organic Architecture

Bruce Goff's Bavinger House Essays - Organic Architecture Bruce Goff's Bavinger House Introduction: Bruce Goffs working career spanned sixty-six years, from 1916, when he began working in an architects office, until his death in 1982. During that time he received more than 450 commissions for buildings and related designs, resulting in more than 500 proposals of which at least 147 were realized. Bruce Goff occupied a unique place in American architecture. His buildings looked like those of no other architect. His idiosyncratic designs juxtaposed shapes in unexpected but delightful combinations. His reliance on unusual materials resulted in strange, sometimes futuristic combinations of colors and textures. His interior designs were resolutely unconventional and were intended to provide both physical comfort and spiritual sustenance. His goal was to design for the continuous present without referring specifically to the past, present, or future. Working on this ideal plane, Goff continually found new and surprising ways to satisfy the functional demands of a project. The distinctiven ess of Goff's designs could be ascribed in large part to his determination not to be bound by previous approaches to architecture, to his total commitment to his clients' desires, and to his ceaseless search for inspiration in music, painting, and literature. Unlike many of his fellow architects, Bruce Goff did not seek to provide historians with a cohesive body of work in any conventional fashion. Goff worked his entire life to free architecture from the indolent idioms of the past and to show by his own example that there were many extraordinary possibilities for innovation in the world. No two of his buildings looked the same, and this seemed to have been his goal; his maxim of beginning again and again did not lend itself to the inbred refinement of style practiced by most of his contemporaries. In describing his approach to architecture, he said, Each time we do a building it should be the first and the last. We should begin again and again, because all problems are different from each other; even if they may seem similar. Goffs discontinuity of personal style was simply reflection of the multiplicity of client style. Goffs distinctive organic style: Almost from the first publications of Bruce Goff's architectural work in the various media there had been an association made between Goff's designs and those of Frank Lloyd Wright-critics pointed out the similarity of design philosophies as well as the similarities found between some of the works of each architect. During the presentation in a conference entitled An American Architecture: Its Roots, Growth and Horizons, Goff discussed the many influences on his 'style' of architecture and in particular the influence of Frank Lloyd Wright on his work: I think he (Frank Lloyd Wright) helped more than any other single thing in my life to make me realize that there was a great deal of freedom (in architectural design) once you understood more about organic architecture and develop your own feeling about it in your own wayK. Frank Lloyd Wright introduced the word organic into his philosophy of architecture as early as 1908. His organic architecture was to eliminate box which was a favorite form in International Style and to liberate the human spirit in the building and related it to its environment. It was also an extension of the teachings of his mentor Louis Sullivan whose slogan form follows function became the mantra of modern architecture. Wright changed this phrase to form an function are one, using nature as the best example of this integration. Wright's organic architecture took on a new meaning. It was not a style of imitation, because he did not claim to be building forms which were representative of nature. Instead organic architecture was a reinterpretation of nature's principles as they had been filtered through the intelligent minds of men and women who could then build forms which were more natural than nature itself. Organic architecture was definitely a new sense of shelter for humane li fe. He wrote: All buildings built should serve the liberation of mankind, liberating the lives of individuals. What amazing beauty would be ours if man's spirit, thus organic, should learn to characterize this new free life of ours in America as natural. Wright's philosophy of organic architecture was not to be confused with his singular style. That

Entrepreneurial Thinking in Multinational Organizations Essay

Entrepreneurial Thinking in Multinational Organizations - Essay Example Many multinationals are resorted to entrepreneurial thinking to formulate tactics for consolidating their positions in the market, making a dent into unexplored markets as well as maintained a steady growth rate. The term 'entrepreneur' comes from the French word 'entreprendre' which means 'to undertake.' It signifies a person who undertakes or operates a new enterprise or venture, while also taking responsibility for the risks involved in setting-up a new operation. Entrepreneurs are not limited to any one field, nor are they limited to the for-profit world. (Arti Pandey, 2006) External environment: While entrepreneurial organizations seek to identify opportunities in the external environment, traditional organizations look at the external environment for threats to their core business, rather than for new opportunities. (Hornsby, 1993) Strategy - Proactive strategic positioning is adopted by entrepreneurial organizations whereas traditional organizations take a more defensive position focusing to protect their core business. (Hornsby, 2002) Control Systems: Control Systems at traditional organizat... s at traditional organizations underlined by expense-based budgets whereas entrepreneurial organizations look at longer-term business planning and forecasting to guide their business. (Guth, 1990) Structure and Communication: Traditional organizations are hierarchical, centralized and formal, while entrepreneurial organizations are more decentralized and have informal communication flow.(Dess, 1999) Observations: Changes in entrepreneurial culture of Audit Big 4 firms Market trends in the financial markets such as Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other variations in the regulatory environment have necessitiatd corporates to modify their strategies to face these changes as well as remain competitive in the market environment. Some of the observations made in the changes in the entrepreneurial culture of the Audit Big 4 Firms are as detailed below: 3.1 Deloitte In the early ninties Deloitte was growing at a sedentary 11%/year, when it set itself the goal of doubling this rate. It realized that achieving this goal from a business-as-usual strategy was impossible, it therefore established a team known as the Strategic Business Development (SBD) team to look for new revenue-generating opportunities. With little bureaucracy to slow them down, the Strategic Business Development (SBD) team produced a clutch of initiatives: a customer relationship management business; an ethics and fraud hotline, Tip-Offs Anonymous; a joint venture with Citadel to establish Deloitte Private Client Advisors; and Deloitte Human Capital Corp. By creating these businesses to serve emerging and established markets, the unit contributed more than R300m to Deloitte's top line within three years. (Deloitte, 2006) In 2002 the Deloitte Innovation Programme was launched. The Innovation Zone was

Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Description Essay

Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Description - Essay Example Some people have argued that the events of the September 11 terrorist attack on the US soil had an effect on immigration laws in the country. Thus, the fears expressed by the author in the unchanging number of illegal immigrants in the US are justifiable, if one considers the intention of some of these illegal immigrants. The terrorist attack have made the United States of America to tighten immigration laws as the laws are now stricter than they used to be before the September 11 terrorist attack. Immigrants suspected of having any connection with terrorists would be jailed for about seven days without being charged in the court of law. Prior to the 9/11 terrorist attack, the immigration laws were lenient and the barrier set around immigration has made it difficult to obtain visas to the country. The security checks around the airport have now been more tightened as the screening process is now more intense than what it used to be before the 9/11 attacks. ... The police have now been empowered to monitor people’s conversation and survey people’s electronic mails. This was not the case before the terrorist attack as people were left alone to guard their private lives without the fear of being watched. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was also established by the Bush Administration in 2002 to combat terrorism locally. The author’s reference to the Department of Homeland Security as she brings out data about the deportation of 400, 000 immigrants by Federal immigration authorities (Preston) shows the extent at which the author develops logos in the article. It is clear that the since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, the citizens of the United States of America have now become more security conscious. Governments, security officials and the common citizens of the US have now been made to watch their guard due to the sad event of the 9/11 terrorist attack. The author’s appeal to logos The use of facts by the author shows the reliability of the author in trying to prove her point on the issue of illegal immigrants in the US. The author appeals to the logos of the reader through the presentation of factual data and statistics from experts and authorities. The authors appeal to logos would definitely evoke a sort of rational response on the part of the reader as she gave some logical chain of reasoning to support her claim about the unchanged number of illegal immigrants in the United States of America. The fact that the author linked the reason behind the unchanging number of illegal immigrants to the continual stay of Mexican immigrants, who form 58 percent of the number of illegal immigrants, shows the author’s use of